Innocent murmur is a mid-systolic murmur that is unrelated to any heart disease.
It’s caused by turbulent flow in the left (sometimes right) ventricular outflow tract
Swelling, called edema, is caused primarily by the accumulation of fluid outside the blood vessels.
Pain - results from the distortion of tissues caused by edema, and it also is induced by chemical mediators of inflammation, such as bradykinin, serotonin, and the prostaglandins
Aulus Cornelius Celsus, a Roman medical writer in the 1st century AD described the four cardinal signs of inflammation— redness (Latin rubor), heat (calor), swelling (tumor), and pain (dolor).
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The brainstem is all of the brain except the forebrain and cerebellum. Its components, from rostral to caudal, are the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata.
Reference: The unity of form and function, Kenneth Saladin
The cerebellum occupies the posterior cranial fossa inferior to the cerebrum, separated from it by the transverse cerebral fissure. It is also marked by fissures, sulci, and folia. It's the 2nd largest brain region, with ⁓10% of its volume but has over 50% of brain's neurons
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The human brain has a high opinion of itself, often claiming to be the most complex object in the known universe
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